{"id":3447,"date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-01-13T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T22:00:00","slug":"3447","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vialattea.net\/content\/3447\/","title":{"rendered":"Ho letto che esiste una stella ipergigante rossa chiamata VY Canis Majoris, che ha un diametro circa 2100 volte quello del Sole. Mi chiedevo se esiste un limite fisico per la grandezza di queste stelle, oppure per esempio ne potrebbero esistere di pi\u00f9 grandi?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>\n <w:WordDocument>\n  <w:View>Normal<\/w:View>\n  <w:Zoom>0<\/w:Zoom>\n  <w:TrackMoves\/>\n  <w:TrackFormatting\/>\n  <w:HyphenationZone>14<\/w:HyphenationZone>\n  <w:PunctuationKerning\/>\n  <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas\/>\n  <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false<\/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>\n  <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false<\/w:IgnoreMixedContent>\n  <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false<\/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>\n  <w:DoNotPromoteQF\/>\n  <w:LidThemeOther>IT<\/w:LidThemeOther>\n  <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE<\/w:LidThemeAsian>\n  <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE<\/w:LidThemeComplexScript>\n  <w:Compatibility>\n   <w:BreakWrappedTables\/>\n   <w:SnapToGridInCell\/>\n   <w:WrapTextWithPunct\/>\n   <w:UseAsianBreakRules\/>\n   <w:DontGrowAutofit\/>\n   <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark\/>\n   <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp\/>\n   <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables\/>\n   <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx\/>\n   <w:Word11KerningPairs\/>\n   <w:CachedColBalance\/>\n  <\/w:Compatibility>\n  <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4<\/w:BrowserLevel>\n  <m:mathPr>\n   <m:mathFont m:val=\"Cambria Math\"\/>\n   <m:brkBin m:val=\"before\"\/>\n   <m:brkBinSub m:val=\"&#45;-\"\/>\n   <m:smallFrac m:val=\"off\"\/>\n   <m:dispDef\/>\n   <m:lMargin m:val=\"0\"\/>\n   <m:rMargin m:val=\"0\"\/>\n   <m:defJc m:val=\"centerGroup\"\/>\n   <m:wrapIndent m:val=\"1440\"\/>\n   <m:intLim m:val=\"subSup\"\/>\n   <m:naryLim m:val=\"undOvr\"\/>\n  <\/m:mathPr><\/w:WordDocument>\n<\/xml><![endif]--><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 0cm\">VY Canis Majoris &egrave; una stella variabile irregolare (magnitudine apparente tra 7,4 e 9,6) che si trova nello stato di ipergigante rossa. Questa classe di stelle, piuttosto rara, &egrave; definita non dalla sua massa ma dall&rsquo;aver una magnitudine assoluta minore di -7 (pi&ugrave; &egrave; negativa e pi&ugrave; l&rsquo;astro &egrave; luminoso) e una forte emissione nella banda H<sub>&alpha;<\/sub>, indice di un&rsquo;atmosfera estesa o di un&rsquo;elevata perdita di massa. Quest&rsquo;ultimo &egrave; conosciuto come &ldquo;criterio di Keenan&rdquo; ed &egrave; uno dei pi&ugrave; utilizzati oggi.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\">In effetti, VY Canis Majoris si trova in una fase assai instabile della propria evoluzione con diverse eruzioni che negli ultimi mille anni hanno formato intorno ad essa strutture ad anello, noduli e archi che rendono assai difficile la determinazione delle sue dimensioni (fig.1). La sua massa attuale &egrave; di 17 &plusmn; 8 masse solari a fronte di una iniziale stimata in 25.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"450\" src=\"\/spaw\/image\/astronomia\/stelle_buchi_neri\/VY_CMa_in_visible_light_Hubble.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\"><font size=\"1\">Fig. 1: VY Canis Majoris fotografata dal telescopio spaziale Hubble<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\">Il raggio indicato dal lettore &egrave; quello massimo dell&rsquo;intervallo determinato da Roberta Humphreys, l&rsquo;astrofisica che pi&ugrave; ha studiato questa stella. Nel lavoro originale, pubblicato nell&rsquo;Ottobre 2006, la Humphreys calcola una luminosit&agrave; di 4,3 x 10<sup>5<\/sup> L<sub>s<\/sub> (dove L<sub>s<\/sub> &egrave; la luminosit&agrave; solare) e una distanza di 1500 parsec che corrispondono a circa 5000 anni luce. Considerando VY Canis Majoris di tipo spettrale M4-M5 per via delle bande del TiO, determina una temperatura media tra i 3450 e 3535 K e poi un raggio compreso tra i 1800 e 2100 raggi solari (r<sub>s<\/sub>).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\">Se questo fosse esatto, le stelle pi&ugrave; grandi dovrebbero essere le pi&ugrave; fredde con una temperatura limite, secondo il modello utilizzato, di 3000 K e un raggio massimo di 2600 r<sub>s<\/sub>. Effettivamente, la stessa Roberta Humphreys anche recentemente ha confermato che non dovrebbero esserci stelle pi&ugrave; grandi di questo valore. Va detto, tuttavia, che pur trovando un buon consenso, non tutti sono d&rsquo;accordo con lei. Ad esempio, nel 2012 Wittkowsky e colleghi, utilizzando l&rsquo;interferometro VLTI\/AMBER presso l&rsquo;ESO a Cerro Paranal (Cile), hanno determinato una distanza minore, 3815 anni luce, e un raggio medio di 1420 r<sub>s<\/sub>. A questo punto dare un valore certo &egrave; quantomeno azzardato. Nella fig. 2 si pu&ograve; osservare un&rsquo;impressione artistica VY Canis Majoris, mentre nella fig. 3 come la stella ci apparirebbe se fosse alla stessa distanza di Sirio, la stella principale della costellazione. Nel nostro cielo sarebbe luminosa come Venere (magnitudine apparente -6).<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"279\" src=\"\/spaw\/image\/astronomia\/stelle_buchi_neri\/vycanis-mayoris.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\"><font size=\"1\">Fig. 2: Impressione artistica di VY Canis Majoris<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"353\" height=\"450\" src=\"\/spaw\/image\/astronomia\/stelle_buchi_neri\/VY_CMa_costellazione.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\"><font size=\"1\">Fig. 3<\/font>: <font size=\"1\">VY Canis Majoris come apparirebbe se fosse alla stessa distanza di Sirio<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\" class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm\">Infine una curiosit&agrave;: forse per trovare le stelle pi&ugrave; grandi in assoluto dovremmo andare assai lontano nel tempo, poche centinaia milioni di anni dopo il Big Bang. Secondo una recente ipotesi, infatti, in quelle condizioni, con un Universo assai pi&ugrave; &ldquo;ristretto&rdquo; di quello attuale, la materia ordinaria era immersa in quella oscura e le prime stelle avrebbero potuto inglobare parte di essa. Rimando alla mia <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vialattea.net\/esperti\/php\/risposta.php?num=13256\">risposta<\/a> sulle &ldquo;dark stars&rdquo; per i dettagli, ricordo solo che tali stelle avrebbero potuto avere dimensioni enormi.<\/p>\n<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>\n <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=\"false\" DefUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\n  DefSemiHidden=\"true\" DefQFormat=\"false\" DefPriority=\"99\"\n  LatentStyleCount=\"267\">\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"false\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Normal\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"9\" SemiHidden=\"false\"\n   UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"heading 1\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"9\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"heading 2\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"9\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"heading 3\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"9\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"heading 4\"\/>\n  <w:LsdException 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